The Role Of Protein And Carbohydrate Utilisation During...

Introduction Post-exercise nutrition, especially protein, plays an important role of the training regimen amongst athletic population. Post-exercise nutrition is used to improve performance and enhance the body’s recovery process following exercise. This review will focus on the role of protein and carbohydrate utilisation post-exercise and there effects on protein synthesis. Anabolic and catabolic processes are controlled by the neuroendocrine system in response to training. Resistance training produces a catabolic state, in which the muscle proteins are broken down. During recovery an anabolic state predominately takes over leading to muscle repair and growth (Plowman Smith, 2014). The macronutrient protein has grasped attention during the recovery phase of exercise. Protein plays multiple important roles throughout the entire body, regulating every chemical reaction and used in the structural tissue within the human body (Brown, Miller Eason, 2006). Supplementary protein offers three main common types of complete protein; whey, casein and egg. These complete proteins differ in the role of recovery post exercise (Campbell Spano, 2011). The macronutrients protein and carbohydrates have their own functions within the body but work together to generate an anabolic state within the body when ingested post-exercise (Poole, Wilborn, Taylor Kerksick, 2010). Protein and Carbohydrates The main function of protein is a regulator, including the actions of some hormones,Show MoreRelatedDiabetes Is A Syndrome Of Impaired Metabolism Of Fat And Protein1494 Words   |  6 Pagesmellitus is a syndrome of impaired metabolism of fat, carbohydrate and protein which can be caused by either low sensitivity of the tissues to the insulin hormone or lack of insulin secretion. Type 1 diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and it is caused by lack of insulin secretion. The cause of diabetes type 1 is not fully understood, however, viral infections, heredity and autoimmune disorders play a important role in the triggering of type 1 diabetes.It’s also known thatRead MoreEssay about Dietary Supplements Used by Athletes: Creatine1458 Words   |  6 Pageswhen a French scientist reported finding this constituent of meat† (Demant Rhodes, 1999). This organic compound is manufactured endogenously by the liver and kidneys â€Å"from the amino acids glycine, arginine and methionine† for energy stipulation during muscular contraction. (Arazi, Rahmaninia, Hoseini, Asadi, 2011). Creatine is either converted into free form Cr or phosphorylated form as known as creatine phosphate (CP). The endogenous production and exogenous consumption of Cr yields about 1Read MoreNutrition in Plants – Mineral Nutrition3545 Words   |  15 Pagesnutrition in plants. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to : define the terms mineral nutrition, macro and micro nutritients; explain the functions of minerals with reference to the techniques of hydroponics and aeroponics; list the role of macro and micro nutrients; mention the deficiency symptoms of macro and micro nutrients; differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition in plant; describe the saprophytic and parasitic modes of nutrition in plant. 9.1 WHAT IS PLANTRead MoreEffects of Vigorous and Moderate Exercise on Health-Related Outcomes10786 Words   |  43 Pagesï » ¿Effects of vigorous and moderate exercise on health-related outcomes Introduction In many developed countries, physical inactivity is becoming a public health problem as a result of fewer numbers of people embracing physical activity(Wardle and Steptoe, 2003). Population-based studies that have been conducted in USA and other developed countries in Europe suggest that the education level of individuals directly affects their physical activity (Trost et al., 2002). Thus those with lower levelsRead MoreChronic Bronchitis Is A Medical Condition That Enhances The Swelling And Mucus2223 Words   |  9 Pagesblood and urine in smokers and in patients with COPD. Presences of oxidative stress have important consequences for the COPD pathogenesis by damaging the lipids, proteins, DNA and carbohydrates, oxidative inactivation of antiproteases, airspace epithelial injury, etc (Barnes, 2000). Proteases damage the lungs elastin and collagen matrix proteins by neutrophil elastase enzyme, whereas anti-protease protects against their degradation. Increased production of protease or decreased the production of anti-protease

Nineteen Lessons Of Environmental Sociology By Kenneth...

The authors of the book â€Å"Twenty Lessons in Environmental Sociology†, Kenneth Gould and Tammy Lewis, provide a critique on the interactions of various social systems and ecosystems by many different scholars and institutions. A combination of neo-Marxist ideas are used as a base of the world-system theory to create the system for the neoliberal theories (Gould and Lewis p. 39). The world-system theory is looking into economic relationships based off of social changes that are occurring around the world and determining whether the country is benefitting or not (Gould Lewis p.39). This theory is built upon the perspective of the modernization theory; these societies are being directly affected by the lack of modernization within their†¦show more content†¦These theories are closely related when looking at their end goals of wanting to change social institutions that will develop a positive change in the environment. However, when examining the reflexive modernizat ion theory in relation to environmental issues, societies need to think more about what they don’t want rather than want they do want. For example, when evaluating a solution for polluted rivers, rather than looking at what is wanted to better the problem, society should look into what they do not want and evaluate the issue from there. This is where a difference in theories is noted. Both theories show that the idea is not to abandon capitalism, but rather renegotiate and reorganize the problem entirely (Gould and Lewis p.43). The system is then broken down at the individual level and changes are made throughout the system into the institutional level. However, the ecological theory looks to modernize the system as a whole, rather than radically changing it. The â€Å"Cradle to Cradle Design† by McDonough and Braungart is an example of the ecological modernization theory of reintegrating products and wastes back into society. Promoting this design of reintegration i s represented at the individual level as products are being reused rather than destroyed causing unnecessary wastes and pollution.

The Rise Of The Papacy Essay - 947 Words

The Rise of the Papacy There many Roman Catholics worldwide, who looks up to the Pope’s authority. The great question is, what is the foundation of the Papacy? The rise of the papacy came at a very important time in history, after the fall of Rome. In 380 CE, Emperor Theodosius I, made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. After this establishment, and the church was the top religion in Rome, order was a must. The head of the church normally known as the bishop, now known as the pope. What does pope mean? â€Å"The word pope simply means â€Å"father†, and in early times was used to refer to any important and respected Bishop.† The Bishop of Rome was looked upon as the chief judge similar to the Supreme Court. This position was suited to keep order in the church. â€Å"The first rise of the Papacy is undoubtedly to be sought for in the corruption of human nature.† Catholics believes that the papacy began with one of Jesusâ₠¬â„¢ disciple, Peter. They hang this concept on one verse of scripture in the Bible. The Bible declares, â€Å"I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church: and the gates of Hades will not overpower it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and what every you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven.† Since, Christ have put this charge on Peter many believe the papacy started with him. â€Å"While some claim that Clement wasShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of the Papacy948 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION This paper will look into the primary reasons for the rise of the Roman papacy to power, and a few of the many things that aided the papacy in getting there. The fall of the Roman Empire is clearly a key factor in the rise of the papacy, so a look into the factors that caused the fall of the Roman Empire is essential. Secondly, a look into how the church positioned itself, to step into the vacuum of power left behind by the fall of the Roman Empire will prove to be needed. Lastly,Read MoreThe Rise Of The Papacy1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of the Papacy Introduction The birth or the beginnings of the Papacy is a rather difficult task to really nail down to a specific time, place or person and also the growth of the Papacy was a rather slow and gradual process. In this modern age Rome has been associated with the birth place of the Papacy but history shows that Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the 4th century. In Constantinople the father of the church was referred to as the Pope. TheRead MoreThe Rise of the Papacy Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesCHHI-301-D10 LUO FALL2013 PAPER 2 The Rise of the Papacy INTRO In the void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome grew even more in both power and prestige beginning in the sixth century and continuing to the reformation in the ninth century. It is the aim of this paper to explain how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power of the medieval world, the factors contributing to this dominance over Western Europe, and the positive and negative ramificationsRead MoreTHE RISE OF THE PAPACY Essay examples1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Early in history, the Roman papacy consolidated its power. It became one of the most influential organizations in the medieval period. This rise to power resulted from the decline in the Western Empire, the leadership of Roman bishops, and special grants that gave the church land holdings. This rise to power caused some positive ramifications, such as the protection of the church from heresy. However, the absolute power of the pope also caused corruption and abuses, many of which wouldRead MoreEssay about The Rise of the Papacy1770 Words   |  8 PagesThe Rise of the Papacy Barry Blankenship CHHI 301 - History of the Christian Church I Professor – Dr. Jeffrey S. Mayfield February 20, 2012 The Fall of A Great Empire and the Rise of the Papacy Before the fall of the Roman Empire you must stop and look at the power that was held within the millions of miles of land, building, people, cities, kings, and customs. The Roman Empire was not known for being just another city or empire but it was known for its strength, power and victoriesRead MoreThe Roman Empire And The Rise And Fall Of The Papacy1337 Words   |  6 Pagesin profound changes that demand a theological response. A candid but rational inquiry into the progress and establishment of Christianity may be considered a very essential part of the history of the Roman Empire and the rise and fall of the papacy. The history of the Papacy began over two thousand years ago with the reign of John Paul II. Peter, the humble fisherman of Galilee and an Apostle of Jesus Christ, became the figure head and the basis for the institution that has outlined not only theRead MoreThe Christian Era Of The Western Roman Empire1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthe full potential of the papacy was Leo the Great. In his two decades of servitude, he planted the seeds of Christian control to come over the next millennia in asserting the pope’s authority over other bishops by the power of the keys, granted by Jesus to Peter. In doing this Leo the Great positioned the pope as the sole arbiter in holy matters, establishing the position as that of enormous spiritual power. With the collapse of Roman authority in the West, the papacy found itself well positionedRead MoreChhi 301 Paper 21749 Words   |  7 PagesPAPER 2 Submitted to: Dr. Nickens Liberty University Online Lynchburg, VA by Richard M. Shouse June 17, 2013 Introduction: In response to the how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power as it did. Shortly after the Fall of the Roman Empire there was a fight for power between several barbarian tribes like the Ostrogoth’s, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals, Saxons, Huns, Franks, Lombard’s, Burundians, and others. The two major tribes were the Ostrogoth’sRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthe void left by the fall of Western Roman Empire. Several factors led to the papacy in Rome becoming the center of power. First, the church gained unsolicited popularity through the early relationships with the apostles. The office of the pope came from the apostle Peter who Christ gave authority in the church, a prominent leader and appointed as the guide for His people. Pope Damasus I, got the foundation for papacy based on the conversation between Peter and Jesus. Damasus belief in the apostolicRead MoreComparative Essay on Uniformitarianism and Catasophism1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of Papacy The rise of the papacy came at a time when the Roman Empire collapsed and there was chaos as it related to the bishops who held office in Rome and what religion would be at the forefront of the representation of the west or east of Rome since its demise. The term â€Å"papacy† (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all bishoprics (episcopatus), and The Head of the Roman Catholic Church the pope is considered the successor of Peter and the vicar of Christ

Gender Equality And Women s Rights - 1274 Words

Women in the world still face discrimination and gender equality takes action to achieve women’s rights. AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equal pay, equal participation in the workplace, and remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women have gotten closer to balancing equality. Improving education for women and girls continues to stay the goal for AAUW. The article â€Å"Girls’ education and gender equality,† reports that to improve education, women need life skills and women role models to look up to (2). Role models play an important part for young girls because girls need good examples to follow. In addition, well-educated role models will teach girls the importance of learning and why they need it. Ro le models will inspire young girls to focus on education and overcome the obstacles of education. Role models will help young girls accept themselves because role models teach the importance of accepting their life. Having female role models shows the importance of women and what they can achieve in the world. Education provides girls the opportunity to learn life skills for example, life skills will teach girls how to act correctly, in addition life skills will provide young girls how to think and buildShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages All men and women were created equal. However, this obvious truth is not universally shared. Fortunately, there is a very real fight for gender equality that we are currently engaged in, and a participant in that fight that holds a fundamental role are non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs exist as private, voluntary organizations that function without government restriction and bias because they are not for profit and not funded by the government. These organizations coordinate strategiesRead MoreWomen s Rights For Gender Equality1441 Words   |  6 PagesWhatever women do, they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult (Charlotte Whitton). Women’s rights promote an equality between men and women. Equality between males and females would be both genders being treated equal and fair in all aspects of life. Many people have been fighting for centuries to transform women’s rights. Women’s rights regarding job opportunities, military advancements and pay gaps have transformed over centuries and need to continueRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay2428 Words   |  10 Pagesmay not even bring anything or anyone significant to mind. But no matter what thoughts arise through them, all three of these words represent an ideology, and two of them commonly have to do with diet. Feminism, or the advoc acy of women’s rights and gender equality, and veganism, or the lifestyle and diet of avoiding animal products, are widely known and decently popular. However, locavorism, which is the lifestyle and diet of purchasing and eating locally and sustainably grown food in order to helpRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and putRead MoreGender Equality And Its Effects On Women s Rights1962 Words   |  8 Pageshas also caused it to regress. Prior to the occupation of these treacherous groups, Afghanistan had a relatively liberal outlook, with a hopeful progression of women’s rights. More specifically; â€Å"Afghan women made up 50% of government workers, 70% of school teachers, and 40% of doctors in Kabul.† In recent years the public life of women has been completely effaced due to the effects of war and the Taliban regime. They are isolated, confined to their homes and masked with an all-encompassing burqa; prisonersRead MoreGender Equality And The Movement For Women s Rights On A Global Scale1174 Words   |  5 Pagesawareness about gender equality and the movement for women’s rights on a global scale. In fact, there are two controversial perceptions of the meaning of feminism and what feminists stand for. For many years, feminism is considered a series of mere actions exhorting for only women, which is anti-men and overaggressive. Recently, there is a gradual change in the understanding of what feminis m is. It is all about the equality that every living human should be treated regardless of gender, race, religionRead MoreGender Roles : Women s Rights On The Ground Of Political, Social And Economic Equality1531 Words   |  7 Pagesisa loaded term. Defined as the advocacy of woman’s rights on the ground of political, social and economic equality to men, feminism has become a movement for woman to have the same rights and respect as men, but just as racism is still relevant, so is the inequality of woman because of stereotypical gender roles. Woman have alway had their role in history, but those roles are often dictated by men. Historically woman have been shown doing woman s work and are defined in terms of their marital statusRead MoreSummary Of Looking For Alibrandi By Goria Steinem1077 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A gender-equal society would be one where the word â€Å"gender† does not exist: where everyone can be themselves. â€Å"said by Goria Steinem. I d isagree with Steinem’s statement in relation to gender equality in contemporary Australia. In this essay, three arguments would be addressed, which directly referred to Melina Marchetta’s 1992 novel, Looking for Alibrandi that enacted a story of a teenage girl who had to face difficulties in the society and fight with the original Australians as she was an illegitimateRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1255 Words   |  6 PagesHowever feminism maintains that women are treated in an unfair ways. Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs, this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobilityRead MoreDoes Feminism Creat e Equality?1037 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Feminism Create Equality? Feminism is an umbrella term for people who think there is something wrong with the idea that gender has the capability to limit an individual’s social and political right. Even if there is inequality between men and women, feminism has never been the main reason to give women their civil rights. Feminism started among European activists in the 19th century, when women were not treated equally and were not elected to high positions of power. Indeed, it sought to eliminate

Customer service Chapter 1 and 2 Essay Example For Students

Customer service Chapter 1 and 2 Essay Chapter 1 Review Questions. 1 . Service is the manner in which you and other employees treat your customers and each other as you deliver your companys deliverables. 2. In the past when many people worked on the farms, small artisan and business owner provide customer service to their neighbors. Many small towns and villages had their own blacksmith, general stores, barbershop, and similar service oriented establishments owned and operated by people living in the town. For people living in more rural areas, peddlers of kitchenware, medicine, and other goods made their way from on location to nother location to serve their customers and distributed various products. 3. Businesses have changed dramatically as the economy has shifted from a dependence on manufacturing to a focus on providing timely quality service. The development of international quality standard by which effectiveness is measured in many multinational organizations. Because of the multinational nature of the business, many companies choose to use outsourcing customer service function. 4. Following are some of the causes of the changing business environment in recent decades: Global economic shifts Shifts in the population and labor force Increased efficiency in technology Deregulation of many industries Geopolitical changes Increase in the number of white-collar workers More women are entering the workforce A more racially and ethnically diverse population is entering the workforce More older workers entering the workforce Growth in e-commerce 5. Company culture includes the dynamic nature if the organization and encompasses the values and beliefs that is important to the organization and its employees and manager. The experience, attitudes, and norms cherished and upheld by the employees and teams within the organization set the tone and manner n which service is delivered and how service providers interact with both internal and external customers. 6. During the hiring process, a thorough screening process will be likely used to identify skills, knowledge, and aptitudes. Without motivated, competent worker, any planning, policy, and procedure change or system adaptation will not make a difference in customer service. 7. Quality and quantity are two factors related to an organizations products or deliverables that can lead to customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. 8. When organization selects a delivery method for roducts and services, organizations examine the following factors. Industry standards Customer expectation Capabilities Costs current ana projected requirements 9. The six key components of a customer service environment are: 1 . The customer 2. Organizational culture 3. Human resources 4. Products/deliverables 5. Delivery systems 6. Service 10. Many organizations are changing to learning organizations, because systems and processes are continuously examined and updated. Learning from mistake, and adapting accordingly, is crucial for organizations success. Search it out Listing of Books on topics introduce in this chapter A Guide to Customer Service Skills for the Service Desk Professional Customer Service and Professionalism: Twenty-five Successful, Professional Women Share Their Powerful Tips for Image, Attitude, and Behavior in the Workplace Customer Service for Professionals in Health Care Customer Tells: Delivering World-Class Customer Service by Reading Your Signs and Signals Invisible Profits: The Power of Exceptional Customer Service Perfect Phrases for Customer Service, Second Edition Sales and Service for the Wine Professional Survival Spanish for Customer Service The Compassionate Geek: Mastering Customer Service for I. T. Professionals Winning the Professional Services Sale Three companies that I believe have adapted a positive customer service 1 . BMW 2. Toyota 3. General Motors Face to Face 1. I think I have people skill; I try to explain the thing in a way they can understand without using technical terms. 2. What are my limitations, when dealing with customer complaints? Will I have access to all the tools I need to do my Job effectively? Will you be available if I have any questions? 3. If a customer ask for a service that PackAll does not provide. Debate - Sports Starts Get Paid To Much (Affirmative) EssaySome strategies for helping promote a positive customer culture are: Explore your organizations vision Help communicate the culture and vision to customer daily Demonstrate ethical behavior Identify and improve your customer skills Become an expert on your organization Demonstrate commitment Partner with customers Work with your customers interest in mind Treat vendors and suppliers as customers Share resources Work with, not against, your customer Provide service follow-up 9. Average organizations can be separated from excellent ones by determining what type of service environment exists: Executives spend time with the customers. Executives spend time talking with frontline service providers. Customer feedback is regularly asked and acted upon. Innovation and creativity are encouraged and rewarded. Benchmarking is done with similar organizations. Technology is widespread, frequently updated, and used effectively. Training is provided to keep employees current on industry trends, organizational issues, skills, and technology. Open communication exists between frontline employees and all levels of managements. Employees are provided with guidelines and empowered to do whatever is necessary to satisfy customer. Partnership with customers and suppliers are common. The status quo is not acceptable. 10. Following are some typical things that customer wants: Personal recognition Courtesy Timely service Professionalism Enthusiastic service Empathy Patience Search it out Provide support and safeguards for Florida Hospital, investigators, research team members, research subjects, and data to ensure integrity of research at Florida Hospital Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. Our mission is to fulfill the automotive and commercial truck rental, leasing, car sales and related needs of our customers and, in doing so, exceed their expectations for service, quality and value. The USAA toucatlonal Younaatlon offers you tne opportunlty to De netter InTormea ana repared to make the best choices through every stage of life. Our extensive library of free educational materials provides credible and useful information that speaks to a variety of subjects and provides you with educational information thats objective, relevant and usable EDs mission is to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access Yes there are shared values and belief evident in the different mission statements. Customer service Willingness for improvement Provide multiple options As a customer/client, I do feel the organization values me. Because, if customer is not there to buy their product/service, they will not have any reason to do on what they do. Yes, the focus of each types of organization seems to differ between types of organization. Government organizations typically do not put lots of emphasis on customer, because the customer does not have any other option. Non-profit organization seems to focus on wellbeing of target customer. Profit organization, they seems to have attractive mission to promote their product or services. 2. http://blog. spoken. com/2010/10/cost-of-acquiring-a-new-customer-6-to-7-times- more-than-keeping-exisiting. ml http://iterativepath. wordpress. com/2013/02/03/it- costs-6-7-times-more-to-acquire-new-customers-over-retaining-existing-ones/ Face to face 1 . Yes there are indicators of United Booksellers services culture. They provide extensive customer service training before being allowed to interact with customers. They care about customer satisfaction 2. I would follow organization s server culture to provide the service customer was getting before and suggest the need of improvement if there is any. 3. I would expect the service they are known for. Because that is why I am there as a customer.

Competitive Advantage Social Responsibility -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competitive Advantage Social Responsibility? Answer: Introduction Strategy refers to the long term plan of the organization whereby it aims to grow and become one of the best companies in the given industry. An organization`s survival without a strategy is nearly impossible because the strategy provides an aim to the organization and serves as a guiding path for development (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The given post includes an analysis of a company who has adopted a long term strategic intent and an example of the company who has not adopted one. It will be analyzing the strategic implication of the analysis and speculate the consequences of the same for Microsoft and JC Penney. Strategic Intent of Microsoft As stated earlier the strategic intent of a company helps in identifying the specific target of the firm and also helps to set the direction of the firm as to where it wants to go in the future. Without specific strategy intent a firm will not be able to survive for long. The strategic intent of Microsoft is very systematic. They aim to become one of the strongest brands in the globe and enrich the experience and goals of both the employees as well as the organization. According to Agnihotri (2013), Microsoft is well aware of the connection between employee goal achievements and organization goal achievement. The primary intent of the company is to harmonize the needs of both the company and the employees in a manner that is unique and beneficial for both. It plans to achieve this by taking out new policies, introducing new updates and products along with creating new programs for the existing employees. The strategic intent of the company will go a long way in defining its future plans and direction. As Microsoft has made it quite clear that it aims to enrich the benefits of both workers and the company, this will be serving as guidance in their future endeavors. The management of the company will be keeping in mind the intent before taking any decisions. Having a strategic intent will hence, have a good effect on the companies: Future product developments Employee performance Global position The company is an American departmental store chain with a large number of locations in the country. Strategic Intent of JC Penney The company is one of the worst performing countries in the history of departmental stores. The given company does not have a strategic intent and aims to go with the flow. This laid back attitude of the company has caused it a huge amount of loss and there has been a drop of 32% in the sales of the company. According to Hamel and Prahalad (2005), there exists a strategic drop back in this drop and its not just related to general operations. The company management does not have a proper strategic plan or intention to become more successful. Without aiming to get somewhere it has just opened new stores and not concentrated on improving the existing stores. The existing stores are quite bland. Due to this lack of a goal in the form of intent, the company has resulted in huge losses and succumbed to competition from competitors. In future, it will not be able to survive amidst the changing business environment without a strategic intent (Porter and Kramer 2006). Conclusion Therefore, it can be stated that Strategy forms an essential part of an organization and that the organizations tend to get a sense of direction from a strategy. The organizations with a well defined strategic intent tend to prosper and do well in the complex business environment whereas the companies like JC Penney who do not have a strategic intent, tend to falter in corporate era. References Agnihotri, A., 2013. Doing good and doing business at the bottom of the pyramid.Business Horizons,56(5), pp.591-599. Hamel, G., and C. K. Prahalad, 2005. Strategic Intent, Harvard Business Review, 83 (7/8) pp.148161. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Porter, M., and M. Kramer, 2006. Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84 (12) pp.7892.

Natural Monopolies Price Regulation-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: Explain how and why Governments may want to regulate the Price setting of a Natural Monopoly. Answers: Introduction There are different types of market structures; perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopoly markets. It is argued by most economists that competition is present in the perfect competitive markets because the number of sellers are many, small in size and price takers. However, when we consider the case for monopolies, this is a market whose supplier is a sole supplier who is large in size. There is no competition in the monopoly markets and the sole supplier is the price maker. The government is always against the presence of oligopoly and monopoly markets since they are inefficient in price and outputs. The role is promoting competition in an economy by the government is achieved through monopoly pricing regulation. Being driven by the objective of maximizing profits, monopoly markets produced less output than would be for a competitive case and then sell this at a high price. The goods produced by the monopolies allow for the higher price charges since there are no close substitutes; the consumers have no other option than to accept the price offered no matter how high it becomes (Textbook Equity Edition, 2014). The natural monopoly is a special kind of monopoly existing due to the presence of high startup costs and fixed costs. Hillman (2007) noted that all pure public goods fall under a natural monopoly and it shall be seen on the analysis that its more efficient to supply pure public goods through a natural monopoly than by duplication (Economicsonline.co.uk (2017). There are two important theories that explains price regulation for a natural monopolist. These are the Average cost pricing and the marginal cost pricing (Greer, 2012). The first one is the pricing made on the basis of average c ost while the other one is the pricing made on the basis of marginal cost whether regulated or unregulated. It is expected that the natural monopolies should be maintained in the economy for some goods to be provided at a lower price. Analysis A pure public good like water is best supplied by the natural monopoly because the production costs associated to the supply falls as the number of users increase. These natural monopolies have increased economies of scale (Linfo.org, 2006). Duplication would lower the economies of scale and the competitors would fight for prices which would make the prices charged to be higher (Textbook Equity Edition, 2014). Natural monopolies are present in the case of electricity distribution. The production of electricity is not such expensive and can be done by many investors. However, the infrastructure used to get the electricity to the final users is very expensive. There are many examples of natural monopolies like the water distribution and the postal services. According to Hu?tcher (2011), the pressure on pricing on natural monopolies is very high which makes it difficult for competitors to survive in this market. According to Regulationbodyofknowledge.org (2017), natural monopolies have market powers and when a business recognizes that it falls under a natural monopoly, it limits its output level and raises its prices; the prices are set above the marginal cost. This unlike in the competitive markets results in a reduced social welfare (Tutor2u, 2017). Since most of the times the commodities offered by a natural monopolists are basic goods, such as water, electricity and communication, people cannot avoid their consumption even if prices were raised. Social welfare is lost in that the extra income used could be used in the demand for some other goods or services. The role of the government therefore is to make sure that such prices are not charged and that the monopolists charge fair prices. However, scale economies prevents this marginal cost pricing from being the optimal choice (Mankiw, 2011). The price for a natural monopoly is set by the government at the best-price for a single product; it is set equal to the marginal cost (MC) of production. Hu?tcher noted that the setting of the price by the government is with an aim of ensuring that the social welfare is maximized. However, the first-best price which is equal to MC will not apply in all the cases; sometimes the fixed costs may be higher compared to the variable costs. This would mean that Average cost (AC) would exceed the marginal production cost. For this reason, the government is forced to set the second-best price at a level higher than the first-best price, at the point where it is equal to the AC. Many natural monopolies produce many goods and services and these are priced differently. This creates a challenge for the AC to be the optimal basis for pricing; the challenge is on determining the optimal combination that would result in the lowest dead weight loss. There therefore has to be another optimal basis fo r pricing. This bring about the idea of Ramsey pricing. Ramsey noted that the reason by the government regulate natural monopoly prices is to prevent the consumers from suffering from the high monopoly prices. His idea therefore was to maximize social surplus by reducing the prices for the monopolys unique goods. Fig: Dead weight loss for unregulated Monopoly Source: Faculty.winthrop.edu (2017) The graph shows that unregulated monopolistic strategy of producing at MR = MC is resulting in a high level of deadweight loss equal to the shaded region. This is interpreted to a reduced consumer surplus and an increased producer surplus. However, deadweight loss cannot be avoided in the case for natural monopolies since the consumers are charged a price higher than the competitive price would be. The governments interest is to ensure that the smallest dead weight loss is incurred. QUN is the quantity produced from free operation, QOPT is the maximum (optimal) output that could be produced at the competitive level. Fig: Pricing options for a natural monopoly The competitive level of production is 14 units and at a price of $4; this is at the intersection of demand and the MC; this is if the natural monopoly is regulated to produce at this point. At this point, the AC can be observed to be very high and the monopoly could only make losses. The maximization of profit level for a natural monopolist is at 6 units at a price of $10; this is at the intersection of the MR and the MC; then where this solution level cuts the demand curve; this happens if the natural monopolist is left alone without any regulation (Haworth, 2017). At this point, it is also observed that the AC is below the price charged. So this natural monopoly is making abnormal profit. The breakeven point for a natural monopoly is thus at producing 10 units and selling at a price of $8; this happens if regulated to produce at a price equal to the AC. This is the point where the social surplus is maximized and the price charged is lower than what would otherwise be offered by th e unregulated monopoly; the output level is also higher (Welker, 2013). Thus at this level, the resources are allocated efficiently. The reason for regulation is observed from the graph; lets assume that the regulators allowed the division of the market into two such that each firm produces 3 units, at 3 units, the AC of production rises and thus the price for the goods rise to $11. The natural monopoly is producing at a lower AC than it would be the case for many suppliers. The price charged should be regulated to be on maximum equal to the average cost. Any price below the Ac even if the regulators push for it is not achievable unless the regulators could offer subsidies for the losses to be incurred. The subsidies help in ensuring that even after selling at the lower price below the AC, the supplier is able to break even. There is no way a regulator with an aim of improving social surplus can push for the price to be above the AC; therefore all prices above the AC are not possible unless the supplier was let to operate with no regulation. Under regulation by the government, the quantity produced is higher than for the unregulated monopoly and lower than for the competitive market. One of the solution proposed by many economies on resolving the problem of pricing the natural monopolies is to ensure that all the private natural monopolies transfer their ownership to the government. This could improve efficiency as the losses the government makes will be catered for in its budget. This would help in skipping all the pricing challenges for natural monopolies. The other solution is fragmenting the markets and then allowing for marginal costing. This is the realization of the fact that consumers ability to pay are different. Price discrimination would ensure that lower prices are charged in the markets for low income consumer brackets with no profit interest; the compensation for this is achieved by charging higher prices in the markets for high income bracket consumers. Through this, the government goal of improving social surplus is achieved. The government need to ensure that there is sufficient supply of the good produced by the natural monopoly. This is why the government do not allow these firms to charge a price equal to marginal cost since losses would put these firms to a risk of closing down. For a single-product monopolist, average pricing is the best regulation strategy as it ensures a breakeven point for the natural monopolist in addition to improving the consumer surplus. Conclusion The government has to consider all the production costs in setting their prices for a natural monopoly. The first-best price is not always the best price for a natural monopoly as it could lead to the natural monopoly making losses if the variable cost is small and a very high fixed cost. The average cost is the cost that determines the breakeven point of a natural monopoly; at the price where the price is equal to the average cost. There should be no natural monopoly that could be making losses. Social welfare is maximized at the price which is equal to the marginal cost. Since the natural monopoly is not able to break even at this price, the government should subsidize the difference between average cost and marginal cost for the price equal to the marginal cost to make the monopoly breakeven and at the same time maximize social welfare. It is difficult for the government to determine the true AC for a natural monopoly and thus misinformed decisions may be made by the government since these supplier report more than the true value of AC so as to be allowed to sell at a higher price and gain some profit. This can be resolved by introducing a proper strategy of estimating such costs by the government. Otherwise the goal of maximizing social welfare cannot be reached. The natural monopolists are only expected to make normal profits at the price that is equal to AC. It can therefore be concluded that there is no possibility for a natural monopolist to be left to operate freely and thus the regulators are important in restricting their prices References Economicsonline.co.uk. (2017). Natural monopolies exist when one firm dominates an industry. Economicsonline.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Natural_monopolies.html. Faculty.winthrop.edu. (2017). Natural Monopoly. Faculty.winthrop.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiEzs-dmvrVAhUsJMAKHUXuB9cQFggvMAEurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.winthrop.edu%2Fpantuoscol%2Fecon.215%2Fnatural%2520monopoly%2520slides.pptusg=AFQjCNHlaQFV0ul04cHGqNV4GzqkSXT2ew. Greer, M. (2012). Electricity marginal cost pricing: Applications in eliciting demand responses. Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Haworth, B. (2017). Natural Monopolies and Pricing Policy. Econpage.com. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://econpage.com/201/handouts/natmonop.html. Hillman, A. L. (2007). Public finance and public policy: Responsibilities and limitations of government. New York, NY [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Hu?tcher, P. (2011). Theory of Natural Monopoly: Ramsay Pricing and Loeb-Magat Proposal. Investopedia.com. (2017). Franchised Monopoly. Investopedia. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/franchised-monopoly.asp. Linfo.org. (2006). Natural Monopoly Definition. Linfo.org. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.linfo.org/natural_monopoly.html. Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principles of economics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Regulationbodyofknowledge.org. (2017). Deviations from Marginal Cost Pricing: Ramsey Pricing. Regulationbodyofknowledge.org. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/tariff-design/economics-of-tariff-design/ramsey-pricing/. Textbook Equity Edition. (2014). Principles of Economics Volume 1 of 2. [S.l.]: Lulu com. Tutor2u. (2017). Explaining Natural Monopoly. Tutor2u. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/natural-monopoly. Welker, J. (2013). Monopoly prices to regulate or not to regulate, that is the question! Economics in Plain English. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://welkerswikinomics.com/blog/2013/03/04/monopoly-prices-to-regulate-or-not-to-regulate-that-is-the-question/

Santa Ana Winds and El Nino Essay Example

Santa Ana Winds and El Nino Paper The Santa Ana winds develop from an atmospheric pressure pattern, usually over the southwestern parts of the United States. Low pressure becomes lower off the coast as high pressure builds up over the intermountain areas to the east of southern California. The wind then blows in a circular motion, around the high pressure and moves toward the low pressure out toward the west. This sudden drop in pressure causes the temperature to rise because of the increase in pressure with the drop. The air becomes much drier as the air warms up and this is because there is no moisture in the air at the time. Strong winds having an easterly direction can form, depending on the gradient of pressure between the high pressure center and low pressure off the coast. One hundred mile winds that are hot and wet have been reported, in some instances. We will write a custom essay sample on Santa Ana Winds and El Nino specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Santa Ana Winds and El Nino specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Santa Ana Winds and El Nino specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Santa Ana winds are a type of Chinook wind that blows in many areas of the world that are close to mountains, and August is usually the month when these winds begin blowing, because of the elevated pressure system forms over the Pacific Northwest and over Mexico, where the low pressure forms. This north and south pressure variation builds winds that are strong and causes them to spill over the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the direction of the northeast. This air falls from the mountains and compresses, and this causes it to warm up and decrease in relative humidity. The air is already mostly dry because it’s in the desert, and this warming creates very low relative humidity. Large amounts of evaporation and vegetative transpiration from the Santa Ana can cause the soil to become extremely dry and there becomes a higher risk of fires in the state of California. State senior editor, Andy Bowers (Bowers, 2003) explains the California weather phenomenon known as Santa Ana winds. â€Å"It’s what’s been stoking the fires in the region.† We learn from Universe Today, (Universe Today, 2004) that â€Å"the Santa Ana winds, which blow across Southern California, are known to cause dry, fire-hazard conditions inland. New data gathered by NASA’s Quikscat satellite and its sea winds instrument shows that these same winds can help stimulate the marine environment. The strong winds blow from the land out to the ocean, bringing nutrients to the surface. Quikscat was able to measure these winds. These Santa Ana winds blow treacherously each year, while they cause cold water to rise from the ocean which brings many nutrients that benefit fisheries. The same article reveals the satellite observations of the Santa Ana winds effects on the ocean, during three windy days in February 2003, and according to these findings, â€Å"Quickscat was able to identify the fine features of the coastal Santa Ana wind jets. It identified location, strength and extent, which other weather prediction products lack the resolution in consistently to show, and marooned ocean buoys lack sufficient coverage to fully represent.† El Nino is an oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system that is located in the tropical Pacific which ultimately affects the weather across the world. Increased rainfall across the southern edge of the United States and Peru is due to the consequences of El Nino and has caused flooding, droughts in the West Pacific that sometimes causes brushfires in Australia. It is extremely important to observe the weather conditions in the tropical Pacific. This area being closely monitored is crucial in predicting climatic changes for short time spans of up to a year of weather predictions. NOAA, in providing essential information, operates a system of buoys for measuring temperatures, winds and currents near the equator. Daily transmission of information is sent from these buoys and is accessible to scientists and researchers, who predict the weather conditions. When El Nino conditions are normal, the trade winds blow in the direction of the west and across the tropical Pacific and these winds add up surface water that is warm in the west Pacific and the surface of the ocean is close to one half of a meter higher in Indonesia than it is at Ecuador. During El Nino, normal, local weather patterns are changed. This disruption causes the trade winds to weaken and reduces the upswelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and it allows the pool of warmer water in the west to move eastward and toward South America. The Eastern Pacific and Central atmospheric pressure gradients lose strength close to the equator, which causes these trade winds to weaken. The ocean water temperature, near the surface is close to 8 degrees Celsius, higher in the west, while colder temperatures are reported off the coast of South America and this is due to the upwelling of cooler water which comes from the deeper levels in the ocean. The cold water is very rich in nutrients and supports higher amounts of productivity for various marine ecosystems and fisheries. Fisherman have been noticing the effects of El Nino for many years. During the months of December and January, they noticed that the ocean current was much warmer and they also saw that this occurred every year, during the same period of time, which caused the amount of fish in the water to decrease. Rainfall is discovered in the rising air that is over the warmest water and the east Pacific is mostly dry. Fishermen were the first to name the weather condition, â€Å"El Nino† which stands for â€Å"little boyâ€Å". They offered this name because El Nino showed up every year at the same time, close to Christmas. During El Nino, the trade winds grow calm in the western and central Pacific and leads to a depression of the thermo cline toward and in the west. At one time, El Nino was thought to have only affected areas in Peru, but later it was obvious that El Nino had a much broader range than anyone had ever suspected. The El Nino Southern Oscillation intensifies during different time periods, where many weather patterns are changed to great degrees and sometimes causes damage to many regions in the world. Meteorologists depend on NOAA, which is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, because it has the responsibility of providing weather forecasts to the nation. These predictions can better enable people in areas around the nation to be equipped in preparing for dangerous weather conditions which can greatly affect their region. These weather conditions can range from droughts to severe storms across the world.